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1.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 81(11): 980-988, Nov. 2023. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1527889

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background Anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (anti-MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an immune-mediated neurological disorder with a broad spectrum of clinical presentation that is often difficult to distinguish from other demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Objective To describe the clinical and paraclinical characteristics of MOGAD in a Brazilian tertiary center. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of adult and pediatric patients who tested positive for anti-MOG antibodies and presented with clinical and radiological diseases compatible with MOGAD. Results Forty-one patients (10 children) were included: 56% female, 58% Caucasian, mean age at onset 31 years (range 6-64), with a mean disease duration of 59.6 months (range 1-264 months). The most frequent onset presentation was optic neuritis (68%), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM, 12%), and myelitis (10%). A monophasic disease course was observed in 49%. EDSS median was 2.1 at the last visit. Most patients (83%) were under continuous immunosuppressive treatment. Azathioprine was the first-line treatment in 59%. In all ADEM cases, conus, and root involvement was radiologically observed on MRI. Conclusion Brazilian MOGAD patients presented with a similar spectrum of previously reported MOGAD phenotypes. Conus and spinal root involvement seems to be frequently present in MOGAD-ADEM and could serve as radiologic characteristics of this clinical entity.


Resumo Antecedentes A doença associada ao anticorpo da glicoproteína da mielina de oligodendrócitos (anti-MOG; MOGAD) é uma doença neurológica imunomediada com um amplo espectro de apresentações clínicas que muitas vezes é difícil de distinguir de outras doenças desmielinizantes, como a esclerose múltipla e o distúrbio do espectro da neuromielite óptica. Objetivo Descrever as características clínicas e paraclínicas da MOGAD em um centro terciário brasileiro. Métodos Revisamos retrospectivamente os prontuários dos pacientes adultos e pediátricos que testaram positivos para anticorpos anti-MOG e apresentaram um quadro clínico e radiológico compatível com MOGAD. Resultados Quarenta e um pacientes (10 crianças) foram incluídos: 56% do sexo feminino, 58% caucasianos, idade média de início da doença foi 31 anos (intervalo de 6-64), com duração média da doença de 59,6 meses (intervalo de 1-264 meses). A apresentação inicial mais frequente foi neurite óptica (68%), seguida pela encefalomielite disseminada aguda (ADEM, 12%) e mielite (10%). Um curso monofásico da doença foi observado em 49%. EDSS foi de 2,1 na última visita. A maioria dos pacientes (83%) estava sob tratamento imunossupressor contínuo. Azatioprina foi o tratamento de primeira linha em 59%. Em todos os casos de ADEM, o envolvimento do cone medular e das raízes espinhais foi observado radiologicamente na ressonância magnética. Conclusão Os pacientes brasileiros com MOGAD apresentam um espectro clínico e radiológico semelhante aos fenótipos de MOGAD relatados anteriormente. O envolvimento do cone e das raízes espinhais parece estar frequentemente presente no MOGAD-ADEM e poderia servir como característica radiológica nesta entidade.

2.
Dement. neuropsychol ; 17: e20230004, 2023. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1514052

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT: CBF measured with Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) obtained by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) may become an important biomarker by showing changes in early stages of AD, such as in the prodromal stage of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Objective: Verify the correlation between atrophy and CBF in patients with MCI and mild phase ADD, to demonstrate whether changes in CBF can be considered as vascular biomarkers in the diagnosis of the DA continuum. Methods: 11 healthy volunteers, 16 MCI and 15 mild ADD were evaluated. Images of the brain were acquired, including CBF measured with Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL). Results: When comparing MCI with control, a reduction in normalized CBF was observed in left posterior cingulate (estimated difference -0.38; p=0.02), right posterior cingulate (estimated difference -0.45; p=0.02) and right precuneus (estimated difference -0.28; p <0.01); also increase in normalized CBF in right upper temporal pole (estimated difference 0.22; p=0.03). It was also observed that in MCI, the smaller the gray matter volume, the smaller the CBF in the left posterior cingulate; as well as the greater the cerebrospinal fluid volume, consequent to the encephalic volumetric reduction associated with atrophy, the greater the CBF in the right superior temporal pole. When comparing controls, MCI and mild AD, in relation to the other variables, no other correlations were observed between CBF and atrophy. Conclusion: In patients with MCI, the reduction of CBF in the left posterior cingulate correlated with gray matter atrophy, as well as the increase of CBF in the right upper temporal pole correlated with an increase in cerebrospinal fluid consequent to the encephalic volumetric reduction associated with atrophy, demonstrating the influence of CBF in AD related brain atrophy. These findings position CBF as a possible vascular biomarker for early-stage AD diagnoses.


RESUMO: A imagem por ressonância magnética (IRM) pode se tornar um importante biomarcador ao mostrar alterações nos estágios iniciais da doença de Alzheimer (DA). Objetivo: Sendo a atrofia cerebral um importante biomarcador de neurodegeneração na DA, o presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar se há correlação entre atrofia e fluxo sanguíneo cerebral (FSC) em pacientes com diagnóstico de CCL e demência da doença de Alzheimer (DDA) leve, com o objetivo de revelar se as alterações no FSC podem ser consideradas possíveis biomarcadores vasculares no diagnóstico do continuum da DA. Métodos: Foram avaliados 11 voluntários saudáveis, 16 CCL e 15 DDA leve. Imagens do cérebro foram adquiridas em um equipamento de 3 T, incluindo imagens ponderadas em T1 de alta resolução para avaliação anatômica e Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) para a quantificação de FSC. Resultados: Quando comparado CCL com controle, observou-se redução no FSC normalizado em cingulado posterior esquerdo (diferença estimada de -0,38; p=0,02), cingulado posterior direito (diferença estimada de -0,45; p=0,02) e precúneo direito (diferença estimada de -0,28; p <0,01); e aumento de FSC normalizado no polo temporal superior direito (diferença estimada de 0,22; p=0,03). No CCL, quanto menor o volume da substância cinzenta, menor o FSC no cingulado posterior esquerdo; quanto maior o volume de fluido cerebroespinhal, consequente à redução volumétrica encefálica, maior o FSC no polo temporal superior direito. Conclusão: Nos pacientes com diagnóstico de CCL, a redução de FSC no cingulado posterior esquerdo apresentou correlação com atrofia da substância cinzenta, assim como o aumento de FSC no polo temporal superior direito apresentou correlação com o aumento de fluido cerebroespinhal, demonstrando a provável influência do FSC na atrofia encefálica relacionada à DA.


Subject(s)
Humans
3.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 80(10): 1036-1044, Oct. 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1420231

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background There is a lack of evidence of cognitive involvement in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) and, the reports about the involvement of the brain and central nervous system (CNS) are few and controversial. The Five Digit Test (FDT) evaluates processing speed (PS) and executive functions orally. Objective To evaluate the performance on the FDT of CIDP patients with and without CNS (brain/cerebellum) alterations observed on brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans. Methods The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS, to assess neuropsychiatry symptoms), the Rasch-built Overall Disability Scale (R-ODS; to assess disability), and the FDT (to assess cognition) were applied to 14 CIDP patients and 24 age-matched healthy control subjects. The patients were submitted to routine brain MRI and, according to the results, they were divided into two groups: those with abnormalities on the MRI (CIDPabnl) and those with normal parameters on the MRI (CIDPnl). The FDT data of five CIDPnl patients and nine CIDPabnl subjects were analyzed. Comparisons between the groups were performed for each task of the FDT. Results We found statistical differences for both groups of CIDP patients in terms of PS, for the patients spent more time performing the PS tasks than the controls. The PS measures were negatively associated with disability scores (reading: r = −0.47; p = 0.003; counting: r = −0.53; p = 0.001). Conclusions Our data suggested the presence of PS impairment in CIDP patients. Disability was associated with slow PS.


Resumo Antecedentes Faltam evidências de envolvimento cognitivo na polineuropatia inflamatória desmielinizante crônica (PIDC), e há poucos e controversos estudos que tratam do envolvimento cerebral e do sistema nervoso central (SNC). O Teste dos Cinco Dígitos (Five Digit Test, FDT, em inglês) avalia a velocidade de processamento (VP) e as funções executivas oralmente. Objetivo Avaliar o desempenho no FDT de pacientes com PIDC com e sem alterações no SNC (cérebro/cerebelo) de acordo com o exame de imagem cerebral por ressonância magnética (RM). Métodos Ao todo, 14 pacientes e 24 controles saudáveis pareados por idade responderam a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão (que avalia sintomas neuropsiquiátricos), a Escala de Incapacidade Geral elaborada pelo método Rasch (que avalia a incapacidade) e o FDT (que avalia a cognição). Os pacientes foram submetidos a RM cerebral e, de acordo com os resultados, divididos em dois grupos: aqueles com anormalidades (PIDCabnl) e aqueles sem alterações (PIDCnl) na RM. Cinco pacientes PIDCnl e nove PIDCabnl tiveram os dados analisados. Comparações entre os grupos foram realizadas para cada parte do FDT. Resultados Os dois grupos de pacientes foram estatisticamente mais lentos nas tarefas de VP comparados ao grupo controle. As medidas de VP foram negativamente associadas às pontuações de incapacidade (leitura: r = −0,47; p = 0,003; contagem: r = −0,53; p = 0,001). Conclusões Os dados indicaram a presença de prejuízo na VP em pacientes com PIDC. A incapacidade foi associada à lentidão na VP.

4.
Rev. epidemiol. controle infecç ; 12(3): 105-111, jul.-set. 2022. ilus
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1425661

ABSTRACT

Background and objectives: understanding the social situation of COVID-19 in poor and less developed countries is still doubtful. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the incidence and lethality by COVID-19, according to the per capita income of the administrative regions of the Federal District (FD). Methods: this is a descriptive ecological study, based on secondary data. Thirty-one administrative regions of the FD were included, and the population consisted of 382,488 individuals. The variables considered were sex, incidence, mortality, lethality, age group, population estimate and education. Results: despite the greater contamination by women, in terms of total mortality, more men died, representing 57.3% of the total deaths in the period. Regarding the influence of the level of education and income on the incidence, it appears that the highest rates of confirmed cases occurred in groups with higher levels of education and income. Despite this higher incidence, it is the group that exhibits the lowest lethality and the third lowest mortality per 100,000 inhabitants. Conclusion: the highest incidence rates were observed in regions with higher per capita income. On the other hand, lethality occurred more incisively in regions with lower purchasing power. In view of this, it is necessary to apply long-term preventive measures in unequal regions.(AU)


Justificativa e objetivos: o entendimento da situação social da COVID-19 em países pobres e menos desenvolvidos ainda é dubitável. Desse modo, o objetivo deste estudo é estimar a incidência e letalidade por COVID-19, de acordo com a renda per capita das regiões administrativas do Distrito Federal (DF). Métodos: trata-se de um estudo ecológico descritivo, baseado em dados secundários. Foram incluídas 31 regiões administrativas do DF, e a população foi composta por 382.488 indivíduos. Consideraram-se como variáveis sexo, incidência, mortalidade, letalidade, faixa etária, estimativa populacional e escolaridade. Resultados: apesar da contaminação maior por parte das mulheres, em termos de mortalidade total, mais homens foram a óbito, representando 57,3% do total de mortos no período. A respeito da influência do grau de escolaridade e da renda na incidência, verifica-se que os maiores índices de casos confirmados aconteceram em grupos com maior nível de escolaridade e de renda. Apesar dessa maior incidência, é o grupo que exibe a menor letalidade e a terceira menor mortalidade por 100.000 habitantes. Conclusão: as mais altas taxas de incidência foram observadas nas regiões com maior renda per capita. Por outro lado, a letalidade ocorreu, de forma mais incisiva, nas regiões de menor poder aquisitivo. Diante disso, é necessário aplicar medidas preventivas de longo prazo em regiões desiguais.(AU)


Justificación y objetivos: la comprensión de la situación social del COVID-19 en los países pobres y menos desarrollados aún es dudosa. Así, el objetivo de este estudio es estimar la incidencia y letalidad por COVID-19, según el ingreso per cápita de las regiones administrativas del Distrito Federal (DF). Métodos: se trata de un estudio ecológico descriptivo, basado en datos secundarios. Se incluyeron 31 regiones administrativas del DF, la población estuvo conformada por 382,488 individuos. Se consideraron como variables el sexo, la incidencia, la mortalidad, la letalidad, el grupo de edad, la población estimada y la escolaridad. Resultados: a pesar de la mayor contaminación por mujeres, en términos de mortalidad total, fallecieron más hombres, representando el 57,3% del total de defunciones en el período. En cuanto a la influencia del nivel de educación e ingresos en la incidencia, parece que las tasas más altas de casos confirmados ocurrieron en grupos con mayores niveles de educación e ingresos. A pesar de esta mayor incidencia, es el grupo que presenta la menor letalidad y la tercera mortalidad más baja por 100.000 habitantes. Conclusión: las tasas de incidencia más altas se observaron en las regiones con mayor ingreso per cápita. Por otro lado, la letalidad se produjo de forma más incisiva en las regiones de menor poder adquisitivo. Ante esto, es necesario aplicar medidas preventivas a largo plazo en regiones desiguales.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Mortality , COVID-19/epidemiology , Per Capita Income
5.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 79(8): 705-715, Aug. 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1339228

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Background: Meningiomas are the most frequent primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Their geographical and ethnic characteristics need to be known, in order to enable rational treatment. Objective: To investigate clinical and epidemiological aspects in a series of patients with meningiomas. Methods: Retrospective analysis on the demographic profile, location and histopathology of 993 patients with meningiomas (768 operated and 225 not operated). Results: Meningiomas represented 43.8% of the primary CNS tumors; 6.8% were multiple tumors (14.7% with neurofibromatosis 2) and 0.6% were radiation-induced tumors. The mean ages were 53.0 and 63.9 years for operated and non-operated patients and the female/male ratios were 3.2:1 and 6.3:1. Diagnosis was made later among females. The peak incidences were in the 6th and 7th decades respectively for operated and non-operated patients. The incidence was low at early ages and higher among patients aged 70+ years. The meningiomas were intracranial in 96.5% and most were WHO grade I (88.9%) and transitional. In the spinal canal (3.5%), they occurred mainly in the dorsal region (all grade I; mostly transitional). The racial distribution was 1.0% in Asian-Brazilians, 87% in Caucasians and 12% in African-Brazilians. 83.4% and 51.6% of the patients were estimated to be recurrence-free at 10 and 20 years, and the mortality rate was 3%. Conclusions: Most of the demographic data were similar to what has been observed in other western centers. Differences were higher incidence of meningiomas, female and older predominance in non-operated patients, predominance in Caucasian, and higher association with neurofibromatosis 2.


RESUMO Antecedentes: Meningiomas são os tumores mais frequentes do sistema nervoso central (SNC). Suas características étnicas e geográficas precisam ser conhecidas para o seu tratamento racional. Objetivo: Investigar aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos de uma série de pacientes com meningiomas. Métodos: Análise retrospectiva demográfica de 993 pacientes com meningiomas (768 operados e 225 tratados conservadoramente) Resultados: Meningiomas constituíram 43.8% dos tumores primários do SNC. 0.8% deles eram múltiplos (14,7% com neurofibromatose 2) e 0,6% eram radioinduzidos. A idade média e o índice mulheres/homens foram respectivamente 53,0 e 63,9 anos e 3.2:1 e 6.3:1 para pacientes operados e não operados. O diagnóstico foi mais tardio em mulheres. Ocorreram picos de incidências na 6ª e na 7ª décadas respectivamente para pacientes operados e não operados. A incidência foi menor na infância e maior após 70 anos. Meningiomas predominaram no crânio (96.5%), a maioria grau I da OMS, subtipo transicional. Do total, 3.5% ocorreram no canal raquídeo, principalmente na região torácica, todos grau I, a maioria transicional. Em relação à distribuição racial, 1.0% dos meningiomas ocorreu em amarelos, 87% em brancos e 12% em negros. As taxas de sobrevida sem recorrência foram 83.4% e 51.6% em 10 e 20 anos e a mortalidade operatória foi 3%. Conclusões: A maioria dos dados demográficos observados foi similar aos de outros centros ocidentais. As diferenças observadas foram maior incidência, predominância em mulheres e idosos nos pacientes não operados e em caucasianos, e maior associação com neurofibromatose 2.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Neurofibromatosis 2 , Meningeal Neoplasms/epidemiology , Meningioma/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
6.
Res. Biomed. Eng. (Online) ; 34(2): 138-146, Apr.-June 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-956288

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by inflammatory demyelination in the central nervous system. Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging (qMRI) enables a detailed characterization of brain tissue, but generates a large number of numerical results. In this study, we elucidated the main qMRI techniques and the brain regions that allow the identification of MS patients from neuroimaging data and pattern recognition techniques. Methods The data came from the combination of computational tools of image processing and neuroimaging acquired in a 3 Tesla scanner using different techniques: Diffusion, T2 Relaxometry, Magnetization Transfer Ratio (MTR) and Structural Morphometry. Data from 126 brain regions of 203 healthy individuals and 124 MS patients were separated into two groups and processed in a data-mining program using the k-nearest-neighbor (KNN) algorithm. Results The most relevant anatomical structures in the classification procedure were: corpus callosum, precuneus, left cerebellum and fusiform. Among the quantitative techniques the most relevant was the MTR, being indicated for longitudinal studies of this disease. KNN with 5 neighbors and pre-selected attributes had a better performance with an area under the ROC curve (97.3%) and accuracy (95.7%). A restricted classification considering only brain regions previously reported in the literature as affected by MS brought slightly lower scores, area: 97.1% and accuracy: 93.2%. Conclusion The use of standard recognition techniques from quantitative neuroimaging techniques has confirmed that the white matter of the brain is the most affected tissue by MS following a global pattern with greater involvement of the left hemisphere.

7.
Radiol. bras ; 51(2): 71-75, Mar.-Apr. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-956240

ABSTRACT

Abstract Objective: To examine the potential of two magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques-dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI)-for the detection of malignant cervical lymph nodes. Materials and Methods: Using DCE and DWI, we evaluated 33 cervical lymph nodes. For the DCE technique, the maximum relative enhancement, relative enhancement, time to peak enhancement, wash-in rate, wash-out rate, brevity of enhancement, and area under the curve were calculated from a semi-quantitative analysis. For the DWI technique, apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) were acquired in the region of interest of each lymph node. Cystic or necrotic parts were excluded. All patients underwent neck dissection or node biopsy. Imaging results were correlated with the histopathological findings. None of the patients underwent neoadjuvant treatment before neck dissection. Results: Relative enhancement, maximum relative enhancement, and the wash-in rate were significantly higher in malignant lymph nodes than in benign lymph nodes (p < 0.009; p < 0.05; and p < 0.03, respectively). The time to peak enhancement was significantly shorter in the malignant lymph nodes (p < 0.02). In the multivariate analysis, the variables identified as being the most capable of distinguishing between benign and malignant lymph nodes were time to peak enhancement (sensitivity, 73.7%; specificity, 69.2%) and relative enhancement (sensitivity, 89.2%; specificity, 69.2%). Conclusion: Although DCE was able to differentiate between benign and malignant lymph nodes, there is still no consensus regarding the use of a semi-quantitative analysis, which is difficult to apply in a clinical setting. Low ADCs can predict metastatic disease, although inflammatory processes might lead to false-positive results.


Resumo Objetivo: Examinar o potencial das imagens de contraste dinâmico (DCE-MRI) e difusão (DW-MRI) em ressonância magnética na detecção de linfonodos cervicais malignos. Materiais e Métodos: Foram realizadas DCE-MRI e DW-MRI em 33 linfonodos cervicais. Os valores de realce relativo máximo, realce relativo, tempo de pico, taxa de realce e lavagem, brevidade do realce e área sob a curva foram avaliados pela análise semiquantitativa (DCE-MRI). Os coeficientes de difusão aparente na DW-MRI foram obtidos na área de interesse. Foram excluídas partes císticas ou necróticas dos nódulos. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a dissecção cervical ou a biópsia. Os resultados de imagem foram correlacionados com os achados patológicos. Nenhum paciente foi submetido a tratamento neoadjuvante antes da dissecção do pescoço. Resultados: Realce relativo, realce relativo máximo e taxa de realce aumentaram nos nódulos malignos (p < 0,009, p < 0,05 e p < 0,03, respectivamente). O tempo de pico foi reduzido nos nódulos malignos (p < 0,02). A análise multivariada identificou tempo de pico (sensibilidade, 73,7%; especificidade, 69,2%) e realce relativo (sensibilidade, 89,2%; especificidade, 69,2%) como variáveis capazes de distinguir os nódulos benignos e malignos. Conclusão: Embora o DCE-MRI possa diferenciar os nódulos benignos e malignos, ainda não há consenso sobre a técnica de análise semiquantitativa, em razão de dificuldade de aplicação clínica. Valores baixos do coeficiente de difusão aparente podem predizer nódulo metastático, mas devem-se considerar também resultados falso-positivos, provavelmente secundários ao processo inflamatório.

9.
Radiol. bras ; 50(5): 323-327, Sept.-Oct. 2017. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-896117

ABSTRACT

Abstract Perineural tumor spread refers to the migration of tumor cells along nerve tissues. It worsens the prognosis, increases the recurrence rate, and diminishes 5-year survival by up to 30%. It is an important finding on imaging tests employed in the staging of patients with head and neck cancers, because it cannot be assessed by the surgeon alone. Nevertheless, it is frequently overlooked. In this study, we reviewed the literature regarding the imaging and pathophysiological aspects of this type of dissemination. We also analyzed ten imaging tests, obtained from a teaching hospital in Brazil, in which there were radiological signs of perineural tumor spread.


Resumo Disseminação perineural de tumores refere-se à extensão de células tumorais ao longo do tecido dos nervos. Acarreta um pior prognóstico, aumenta a taxa de recorrência e diminui a expectativa de vida em cinco anos em até 30%. É um achado importante em exames de imagem quando se estadia pacientes com cânceres de cabeça e pescoço, já que não pode ser avaliado somente pelo cirurgião. Todavia, é uma alteração que frequentemente passa despercebida. No presente estudo, revisamos trabalhos científicos da literatura médica sobre os achados de imagem e os aspectos fisiopatológicos desse tipo de disseminação e analisamos 10 exames de imagem com sinais radiológicos de disseminação perineural oriundos de um hospital-escola brasileiro.

10.
Res. Biomed. Eng. (Online) ; 33(3): 247-258, Sept. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-896187

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction: Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an important medical imaging modality that has been useful to the study of microstructural changes in neurological diseases. However, the image noise level is a major practical limitation, in which one simple solution could be the average signal from a sequential acquisition. Nevertheless, this approach is time-consuming and is not often applied in the clinical routine. In this study, we aim to evaluate the anisotropic anomalous diffusion (AAD) filter in order to improve the general image quality of DTI. Methods A group of 20 healthy subjects with DTI data acquired (3T MR scanner) with different numbers of averages (N=1,2,4,6,8, and 16), where they were submitted to 2-D AAD and conventional anisotropic diffusion filters. The Relative Mean Error (RME), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), Coefficient of Variation (CV) and tractography reconstruction were evaluated on Fractional Anisotropy (FA) and Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) maps. Results The results point to an improvement of up to 30% of CV, RME, and SSIM for the AAD filter, while up to 14% was found for the conventional AD filter (p<0.05). The tractography revealed a better estimative in fiber counting, where the AAD filter resulted in less FA variability. Furthermore, the AAD filter showed a quality improvement similar to a higher average approach, i.e. achieving an image quality equivalent to what was seen in two additional acquisitions. Conclusions In general, the AAD filter showed robustness in noise attenuation and global image quality improvement even in DTI images with high noise level.

11.
Res. Biomed. Eng. (Online) ; 33(3): 185-194, Sept. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-896190

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction The interpretation of brain tumors and abscesses MR spectra is complex and subjective. In clinical practice, different experimental conditions such as field strength or echo time (TE) reveal different metabolite information. Our study aims to show in which scenarios magnetic resonance spectroscopy can differentiate among brain tumors, normal tissue and abscesses using classification algorithms. Methods Pairwise classification between abscesses, brain tumor classes, and healthy subjects tissue spectra was performed, also the multiclass classification between meningiomas, grade I-II-III gliomas, and glioblastomas and metastases, in 1.5T short TE (n = 195), 1.5T long TE (n = 231) and 3.0T long TE (n = 59) point resolved spectroscopy setups, using LCModel metabolite concentration as input to classifiers. Results Areas under the curve of the Receiver Operating Characteristic above 0.9 were obtained for the classification between abscesses and all classes except glioblastomas, reaching 0.947 when classifying against metastases, grade I-II gliomas and glioblastomas (0.980), meningiomas and glioblastomas (0.956), grade I-II gliomas and metastases (0.989), meningiomas and metastases (0.990), and between healthy tissue and all other classes in both conditions except for anaplastic astrocytomas in short TE 1.5T setup. When the multiclass classification agrees with radiological diagnosis the accuracy reaches 96.8% for short TE and 98.9% for long TE. Conclusions The results in the three conditions were similar, highlighting comparable quality, robust quantification and good regularization and flexibility in either algorithm. Multiclass classification provides useful information to the radiologist. These findings show the potential of the development of decision support systems as well as tools for the accompaniment of treatments.

12.
Rev. bras. neurol ; 53(3): 41-46, jul.-set. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-876877

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Normal aging is associated with morphological alte-rations in brain. Ventricular system is located deep inside brain and reflect the overall process of parenchymal atrophy. Once neurode-generative disorders course with more prominent dilatation of brain ventricles, to establish normative volumetric parameters from Brazi-lian healthy old individuals is necessary, and it may be an additional tool on differentiation from the normal to pathological. Objective: To investigate brain ventricular volume changes in Brazilian healthy el-derly people. Methods: Transversal study using magnetic resonance imaging (1.5T) of the brain from 21 elderly healthy volunteers (67±6 years old). Data were assessed with manual segmentation techni-que. Regions of interest were the brain ventricles and intracranial volumes. Old (60-69 years old, 15 women) and Older (>69 years old) groups were created for analysis. Results: Volume of all ventricular compartments significantly increased (p<.001) with age, with excep-tion of the fourth ventricle. The third and lateral ventricles increased between groups 2.1- and 2.8-fold, respectively. Mean total ventricular volume was 1.2±.4% of intracranial volume in Old and 3.2±1.8% in Ol-der group (p<.001), which represents 15±6ml and 40±24ml (p=.001), respectively. We observed a moderate to strong positive correlation between ventricular volume and age, with the best correlation in the third ventricle (r=.710). Total intracranial volume diminished with age, but without statistical significance. Conclusions: Brain ventricles vo-lume increased significantly with age in healthy old individuals, with exception of the fourth ventricle. (AU)


Introdução: O envelhecimento normal está associado a alterações morfológicas do cérebro. O sistema ventricular está localizado pro-fundamente no encéfalo e reflete o processo global de atrofia do pa-rênquima. Uma vez que doenças neurodegenerativas cursam com dilatação mais proeminente dos ventrículos cerebrais, estabelecer parâmetros volumétricos de normalidade em nossa população idosa saudável se faz necessário, podendo ser uma ferramenta a mais para diferenciar o normal do patológico. Objetivo: Investigar alterações volumétricas dos ventrículos cerebrais em brasileiros idosos sau-dáveis. Métodos: Estudo transversal com imagens de ressonância magnética (1,5T) do encéfalo de 21 idosos saudáveis (68±6 anos, 15 mulheres). Os dados foram examinados por técnicas de segmenta-ção manual. As regiões de interesse foram os ventrículos cerebrais e o volume intracraniano. Criamos os subgrupos Idosos (60-69 anos) e Mais idosos (>69 anos) para a análise. Resultados: O volume de todos os ventrículos aumentou com a idade (p<0,001), com exceção do quarto ventrículo. O terceiro e os ventrículos laterais aumentaram 2,1 e 2,8 vezes, respectivamente, entre os grupos. O volume ventri-cular médio foi de 1,2±0,4% do volume intracraniano nos Idosos e de 3,2±1,8% nos mais idosos, o que representa 15±6ml e 40±24ml, respectivamente. Observamos correlação positiva de moderada a forte entre volume ventricular e idade, com a melhor correlação no terceiro ventrículo (r=0,710). O volume intracraniano diminui com a idade, sem significância estatística. Conclusão: os ventrículos cere-brais aumentam significativamente com o envelhecimento em idosos saudáveis, exceto o quarto ventrículo. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Brain/physiology , Aging , Cerebral Ventricles/diagnostic imaging , Atrophy/diagnostic imaging , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Linear Models , Cross-Sectional Studies , Reproducibility of Results
13.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 74(12): 1008-1013, Dec. 2016. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-828005

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT In order to verify indications for surgery, 27 patients with refractory epileptic seizures and brain tumor, aged up to 19 years at the time of surgery, were studied between 1996 and 2013 and followed up for at least one year. The mean interval between the onset of seizures and the diagnosis of the tumor was 3.6 years, and from diagnosis to the surgery, 18 months. The location of the tumor was in the temporal lobe in 16, with ganglioglioma and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors being the most frequent. Among the patients, 92.5% and 90.4% were seizure-free in the first and fifth year after surgery, respectively. Twelve of 16 children were successful in becoming drug-free, with complete withdrawal by 3.2 years. Surgery proved to be potentially curative and safe in these cases, suggesting that the tumor diagnosis and surgery cannot be postponed.


RESUMO A fim de verificar os aspectos da indicação cirúrgica, vinte e sete pacientes com epilepsia refratária secundária a tumor cerebral, com idade de até 19 anos na cirurgia, operados entre 1996 e 2013 e seguidos por pelo menos um ano, foram estudados. O intervalo médio entre o início das crises e o diagnóstico do tumor foi de 3,6 anos, e deste para a cirurgia, 18 meses. A localização do tumor foi lobo temporal em 16, sendo ganglioglioma e DNET os tipos mais frequentes. Entre os pacientes, 92,5% e 90,4% estavam livres de crises no primeiro e no quinto ano após a cirurgia, respectivamente. Doze de 16 crianças obtiveram sucesso na retirada de drogas, com a média de tempo de 3,2 anos após o procedimento. A cirurgia provou ser potencialmente curativa e segura nestes casos, o que sugere que perante o diagnóstico de tumor esta não pode ser adiada.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Brain Neoplasms/surgery , Epilepsy/surgery , Postoperative Period , Brain Neoplasms/complications , Preoperative Care , Cross-Sectional Studies , Retrospective Studies , Follow-Up Studies , Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial/surgery , Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial/complications , Ganglioglioma/surgery , Ganglioglioma/complications , Neurosurgical Procedures , Epilepsy/complications , Neurosurgeons
14.
Clinics ; 70(9): 654-661, Sept. 2015. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-759295

ABSTRACT

Epilepsy is a disease with serious consequences for patients and society. In many cases seizures are sufficiently disabling to justify surgical evaluation. In this context, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is one of the most valuable tools for the preoperative localization of epileptogenic foci. Because these lesions show a large variety of presentations (including subtle imaging characteristics), their analysis requires careful and systematic interpretation of MRI data. Several studies have shown that 3 Tesla (T) MRI provides a better image quality than 1.5 T MRI regarding the detection and characterization of structural lesions, indicating that high-field-strength imaging should be considered for patients with intractable epilepsy who might benefit from surgery. Likewise, advanced MRI postprocessing and quantitative analysis techniques such as thickness and volume measurements of cortical gray matter have emerged and in the near future, these techniques will routinely enable more precise evaluations of such patients. Finally, the familiarity with radiologic findings of the potential epileptogenic substrates in association with combined use of higher field strengths (3 T, 7 T, and greater) and new quantitative analytical post-processing techniques will lead to improvements regarding the clinical imaging of these patients. We present a pictorial review of the major pathologies related to partial epilepsy, highlighting the key findings of 3 T MRI.


Subject(s)
Humans , Epilepsies, Partial/diagnosis , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Brain Neoplasms/diagnosis , Brain Neoplasms/pathology , Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations/diagnosis , Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations/pathology , Epilepsies, Partial/pathology , Gliosis/diagnosis , Gliosis/pathology , Malformations of Cortical Development/diagnosis , Malformations of Cortical Development/pathology , Sclerosis , Tuberous Sclerosis/diagnosis , Tuberous Sclerosis/pathology
16.
Braz. j. otorhinolaryngol. (Impr.) ; 78(1): 103-108, jan.-fev. 2012. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-616944

ABSTRACT

O estudo da Síndrome da Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAOS) tem merecido atenção crescente nos últimos anos, uma vez que vários aspectos não foram ainda suficientemente esclarecidos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar, com o uso da Ressonância Magnética (RM), as modificações da área da faringe durante vigília e sono induzido em pacientes portadores de SAOS. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo de 32 pacientes com diagnóstico polissonográfico de SAOS. Todos foram submetidos à aquisição das Imagens por RM, com sequências sagitais de alta definição anatômica, realizadas inicialmente com o paciente em vigília e durante o sono induzido por Propofol. Uma área foi definida no plano sagital na linha média da faringe. Essa região passou a ser denominada como área do plano mediano da faringe (PMF). RESULTADOS: As medidas (mm²) da área do PMF de cada paciente, na vigília e durante o sono induzido, apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante p< 0,000001. CONCLUSÕES: Os pacientes portadores de SAOS sofrem uma significativa redução de 75,5 por cento da área da faringe durante o sono induzido quando comparado à vigília.


The study of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has received growing attention over the past years since various aspects have not been sufficiently established. AIM: To evaluate, with the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), changes in the area of the pharynx during wakefulness and induced sleep in patients with OSA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study of thirty-two patients with a polysomnographic diagnosis of OSA. All patients were submitted to MR imaging in order to obtain high-definition anatomical sagittal sequences during wakefulness and during sleep induced with Propofol. An area was defined on the sagittal plane in the midline of the pharynx. This region was called pharyngeal midplane (PMP) area. RESULTS: A significant difference in PMP area (mm²) was observed between wakefulness and induced sleep in each patient (p < 0.000001). CONCLUSION: The patients with OSA suffer a significant reduction of 75,5 percent in the area of the pharynx during induced sleep compared to wakefulness.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Pharynx/pathology , Sleep , Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/pathology , Wakefulness , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Organ Size , Polysomnography , Prospective Studies
17.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 69(6): 914-919, Dec. 2011. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-612632

ABSTRACT

Pusher behavior (PB) is a disorder of postural control affecting patients with encephalic lesions. This study has aimed to identify the brain substrates that are critical for the occurrence of PB, to analyze the influence of the midline shift (MS) and hemorrhagic stroke volume (HSV) on the severity and prognosis of the PB. We identified 31 pusher patients of a neurological unit, mean age 67.4±11.89, 61.3 percent male. Additional neurological and functional examinations were assessed. Neuroimaging workup included measurement of the MS, the HSV in patients with hemorrhagic stroke, the analysis of the vascular territory, etiology and side of the lesion. Lesions in the parietal region (p=0.041) and thalamus (p=0.001) were significantly more frequent in PB patients. Neither the MS nor the HSV were correlated with the PB severity or recovery time.


A síndrome do empurrador (SE) é um distúrbio de controle postural que acomete indivíduos com lesões encefálicas. Os objetivos deste estudo foram identificar as estruturas encefálicas envolvidas na SE, analisar a influência dos desvios de linha média (DLM) e volume do hematoma (VH) na gravidade e duração da SE. Dentre os pacientes internados na enfermaria de neurologia, foram identificados 31 pacientes com SE, idade média 67,4±11,89, 61,3 por cento homens. Foram realizados exames neurológico e funcional. As análises das neuroimagens incluíram medidas de VH em pacientes com doença cerebrovascular (DC) hemorrágica, DLM, análise do território vascular, etiologia e lado da lesão. Lesão nas regiões parietal (p=0,041) e talâmica (p=0,001) foram significativamente mais frequentes nos pacientes com SE. Não foi observada correlação dos DLM e volume do hematoma com a gravidade e duração da SE.


Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Brain Injuries/complications , Brain Neoplasms/complications , Intracranial Hemorrhages/complications , Postural Balance/physiology , Sensation Disorders/etiology , Stroke/complications , Brain Injuries/physiopathology , Brain Neoplasms/physiopathology , Case-Control Studies , Follow-Up Studies , Intracranial Hemorrhages/physiopathology , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Neuroimaging , Prospective Studies , Severity of Illness Index , Syndrome , Sensation Disorders/physiopathology , Stroke/physiopathology , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
18.
São Paulo med. j ; 129(2): 110-112, Mar. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-587837

ABSTRACT

CONTEXT: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) is the most prevalent autosomal dominant genetic disorder among humans. Moyamoya disease is a cerebral vasculopathy that is only rarely observed in association with NF-1, particularly in the pediatric age range. The present study reports an occurrence of this association in an infant. CASE REPORT: An eight-month-old female presented convulsive seizures with clonic movements. The patient suffered an ischemic stroke with hemiparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed radiological findings compatible with moyamoya disease. The diagnosis of NF-1 was made at the age of 20 months. CONCLUSION: Despite the rarity of this association in childhood, children with focal neurological symptoms and a diagnosis of NF-1 deserve to be investigated for moyamoya syndrome.


CONTEXTO: Neurofibromatose tipo 1 (NF-1) é a doença genética autossômica dominante mais prevalente no ser humano. A doença de moyamoya é uma vasculopatia cerebral que raramente se encontra associada à NF-1, particularmente na faixa etária pediátrica. Este estudo descreve a ocorrência desta associação em um lactente. RELATO DE CASO: Paciente feminina, aos oito meses de idade, apresentou quadro de crise convulsiva com movimentos clônicos. Evoluiu com acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico e com hemiparesia à direita. Ressonância nuclear magnética mostrou achados compatíveis com a doença de moyamoya. O diagnóstico de NF-1 foi realizado aos 20 meses de vida. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar da raridade desta associação na faixa etária infantil, crianças com sintomas neurológicos focais e diagnóstico de NF-1 merecem ser investigadas para síndrome de moyamoya.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant , Moyamoya Disease/complications , Neurofibromatosis 1/complications , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Neurofibromatosis 1/diagnosis , Stroke/etiology
19.
Acta cir. bras ; 26(supl.2): 8-14, 2011. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-602637

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To analyze the ventricular enlargement and myelination of the corpus callosum in adult dogs after four and eight weeks of kaolin-induction of hydrocephalus. METHODS: 36 dogs were randomly divided into 3 groups: 1 - without hydrocephalus, 2 - kaolin-induction of hydrocephalus until the fourth week, and 3 - kaolin-induction of hydrocephalus until the eighth week. Ventricular ratios and volumes were calculated using magnetic resonance images, and myelination of the corpus callosum were histologically evaluated using solocromo-cianin stain. RESULTS: Radiological hydrocephalus was observed in 93.75 percent and overall mortality was 38.4 percent. Ventricular volumes and ratios were higher in groups 2 and 3 compared to group 1 and similar when measures in the fourth and eighth weeks were compared in the group 3. Indices of luminescence in the knee and in the splenium of the corpus callosum were higher in group 2 than in group 1 indicating that there was loss of myelin in group 2, and similar in groups 1 and 3, showing a tendency to remyelination after 8 weeks. CONCLUSION: The corpus callosum of dogs with kaolin-induced hydrocephalus responds with demyelination of the knee and splenium by the fourth week with a tendency to remyelination by the eighth week.


OBJETIVO: Analisar a dilatação ventricular e a mielinização do corpo caloso em cães adultos após quatro e oito semanas da indução de hidrocefalia por caulin. MÉTODOS: 36 cães foram aleatoriamente divididos em 3 grupos: 1- sem hidrocefalia, 2- quatro semanas de hidrocefalia induzida por caulin, 3- oito semanas de hidrocefalia induzida por caulin. As razões e volumes ventriculares foram calculados utilizando imagens de ressonância magnética, e, a mielinização do corpo caloso por estudo histológico (coloração com solocromo- cianina). RESULTADOS: Hidrocefalia foi observada radiologicamente em 93,75 por cento e a mortalidade global foi de 38,4 por cento. Os volumes e as razões ventriculares foram maiores nos grupos 2 e 3 em relação ao grupo 1 e semelhantes nas quarta e oitava semanas no grupo 3. Índices de luminescência no joelho e no esplênio do corpo caloso foram maiores no grupo 2 em relação ao grupo 1, indicando que houve perda de mielina no grupo 2, e semelhantes nos grupos 1 e 3, mostrando uma tendência à remielinização em torno de 8 semanas. CONCLUSÃO: O corpo caloso de cães com hidrocefalia induzida por caulin responde com desmielinização no joelho e esplênio em torno de quatro semanas com tendência à remielinização em torno da oitava semana.


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Female , Male , Cerebral Ventricles/physiopathology , Corpus Callosum/physiopathology , Disease Models, Animal , Heart Ventricles/physiopathology , Hydrocephalus/physiopathology , Kaolin , Aluminum Silicates , Cerebral Ventricles/pathology , Corpus Callosum/pathology , Hydrocephalus/chemically induced , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Myelin Sheath/physiology , Organ Size , Random Allocation , Reproducibility of Results , Time Factors
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